|    Open Access
Alma Mater – Zeitschrift für interdisziplinäre Kulturforschungen 2026, Bd. 3(1) 16-33

“No Cat’s Land”: The Animal World of Kashmir as Seen in the Nīlamata Purāṇa

Huaiyu Chen

S. 16 - 33   |  DOI: https://doi.org/10.29329/almamater.2026.1417.2

Veröffentlichungsdatum: Februar 23, 2026  |   Einzeln/Gesamtansichten: 0/0   |   Einzeln/Gesamtdownloads: 0/0


Zusammenfassung

The Nīlamata purāṇa was a very important text compiled in the early seventh to mid-ninth century, which illustrated the religious life in ancient Kashmir. This text described local religious order that was dominated by Brahmanism. This religious order under the Brahmanism served to maintain the caste system in ancient Kashmir, and also had significant impact on the social and cultural life. Many sacrificial rites on the religious calendar also offered animals as sacrifices, therefore the readers could figure out the natural ecology and animal world from the list of animal sacrifices. The list of these animals also manifested mutual relations among humans, gods, and animals in Kashmir. It seems that horses, cows, and goats were among the most visible animals for sacrificial rites, though other wild animals such as elephants, lions, and tigers were also well known to local people. Elephants and horses were instrumental to the political order too. In the meantime, horses, cows, and goats made crucial contributions to local economic life, yet other domesticated animals and birds were less important. However, the knowledge about animals in Kashmir often evolved with the historical development.

Schlüsselwörter: Nīlamata purāṇa, Religious life, Ancient Kashmir, Brahmanism, Caste system


Wie zitiert man diesen Artikel?

APA 7. Auflage
Chen, H. (2026). “No Cat’s Land”: The Animal World of Kashmir as Seen in the Nīlamata Purāṇa. Alma Mater – Zeitschrift für interdisziplinäre Kulturforschungen, 3(1), 16-33. https://doi.org/10.29329/almamater.2026.1417.2

Harvard
Chen, H. (2026). “No Cat’s Land”: The Animal World of Kashmir as Seen in the Nīlamata Purāṇa. Alma Mater – Zeitschrift für interdisziplinäre Kulturforschungen, 3(1), pp. 16-33.

Chicago 16. Auflage
Chen, Huaiyu (2026). "“No Cat’s Land”: The Animal World of Kashmir as Seen in the Nīlamata Purāṇa". Alma Mater – Zeitschrift für interdisziplinäre Kulturforschungen 3 (1):16-33. https://doi.org/10.29329/almamater.2026.1417.2

Literaturverzeichnis

    Ahmad, Khalid Bashir. 2017. Kashmir: Exposing the Myth Behind the Narrative. London: SAGE Publications.

    Banerji, Sures Chandra. 1962. Dharma-sūtras: A Study in Their Origin and Development. Calcutta: Punthi Pustak.

    Bamzai, Prithivi Nath Kaul. 1994. Culture and Political History of Kashmir. Vol. 1. New Delhi: M. D. Publications.

    Bhatt, G. P., and G. V. Tagare. 2013. Ancient Indian Tradition and Mythology, Volume 38: The Vayu Purana Part 2. Delhi: Motilal Banarsidass.

    Blanford, W. T. 1888–1891. Fauna in British India, Including Ceylon and Burma. London: Taylor and Francis.

    Chakrabarti, Kunal. 2001. Religious Process: The Puranas and the Making of a Regional Tradition. Delhi: Oxford University Press.

    Chakrabarti, Trilok Chandra Majupuria. 2000. Sacred Animals of Nepal and India. Lashkar: Devi.

    Chattopadhyaya, D. P. 1998. “Ithihasa, History and Historiography of Civilization.” In Cultural Otherness and Beyond, edited by Chandra Gupta and D. P. Chattopadhyaya, 43–73. Leiden: Brill.

    Charoo, Samina A., Lalit K. Sharma, and S. Sathyakumar. 2011. “Asiatic Black Bear-Human Interactions around Dachigam National Park, Kashmir, India.” Ursus 22 (2): 106–113.

    De Vreese, Door K. St. J. M. 1936. Nīlamata or Teachings of Nīla. Leiden: E. J. Brill.

    Doniger, Wendy, ed. 1993. Purana Perennis: Reciprocity and Transformation in Hindu and Jaina Texts. Albany: State University of New York Press.

    Drabu, V. N. 1986. Kashmir Polity, C. 600–1200 A.D. New Delhi: Bahri Publications.

    Govindrajan, Radhika. 2018. Animal Intimacies: Interspecies Relatedness in India’s Central Himalayas. Chicago: University of Chicago Press.

    Hassan, Firdous. “Four rare whooper swans spotted in Kashmir, poachers kill two of them.” The Kashmir Monitor, November 23, 2020.

    Harris, Marvin. 1966. “The Cultural Ecology of India’s Sacred Cattle.” Cultural Anthropology 7 (1): 51–66.

    Hughes, Julie E. 2013. Animal Kingdoms: Hunting, the Environment, and Power in the Indian Princely States. Cambridge, MA: Harvard University Press.

    Ikari, Yasuke, ed. 1994. A Study of the Nīlamata: Aspects of Hinduism in Ancient Kashmir. Kyoto: Institute for Research in Humanities, Kyoto University.

    Joglekar, P. P., and Pankaj Goyal. 2020. Animal Husbandry and Allied Technologies in Ancient India: From Prehistorical to Early Historical Times. Chennai: Infinity Foundation India.

    Kaul, Shonaleeka. 2018. The Making of Early Kashmir: Landscape and Identity in the Rājataragiī. Oxford: Oxford University Press.

    Kölver, Bernhard. 1971. Textkritische und philologische Untersuchungen zur Rājataragiī des Kalhaa. Wiesbaden: F. Steiner.

    Kumari, Ved. 1968–1973. The Nīlamata Purāa. Srinagar: J. & K. Academy of Art, Culture and Languages. Vol. 1–2.

    McDaniel, June. 2003. Making Virtuous Daughters and Wives: An Introduction to Women's Brata Rituals in Bengali Folk Religion. Albany: State University of New York Press.

    Mani, M. S. 1989. The Fauna of India and the Adjacent Countries. Calcutta: Zoological Survey of India.

    Minorsky, V., trans. 1937. udūd al-ʿĀlam: The Regions of the World: A Persian Geography, 372 A.H.982 A.D. London: Oxford University Press. Expanded edition 1970.

    Modak, B. R. 1993. The Ancillary Literature of the Atharva-Veda: A Study with Special Reference to the Parisistas. New Delhi: Rashtriya Veda Vidya Pratishthan in association with Munshiram Manoharlal Publishers.

    Prasad, R. C., trans. 1997. The Śrāddha: The Hindu Book of the Dead: A Treatise on the Śrāddha Ceremonies. Delhi: Motilal Banarsidass.

    Rabbani, G. M. 1981. Ancient Kashmir: A Historical Perspective. Srinagar: Gulshan Publishers.

    Rocher, Ludo. 1986. The Purāas. Wiesbaden: Otto Harrassowitz.

    Rana, Suba Singh. 1995. A Study of Skanda Cult. Delhi: Nag Publishers.

    Sukumar, Raman. 2003. The Living Elephants: Evolutionary Ecology, Behavior, and Conservation. Oxford: Oxford University Press.

    Sanderson, Alexis. 2004. “Religion and the State: Śaiva Officiants in the Territory of the Brahmanical Royal Chaplain (with an appendix on the provenance and date of the Netratantra).” Indo-Iranian Journal 47: 229–300.

    Sanderson, Alexis. 2007. “The Śaiva Exegesis of Kashmir.” In Mélanges tantriques à la mémoire d'Hélène Brunner, edited by D. Goodall and A. Padoux, 231–244. Paris: EFEO, Institut français de Pondichéry.

    Sharma, Mahesh. 2008. “Puranic Texts from Kashmir: Vitasta and River Ceremonials in the Nīlamata Purāṇa.” South Asia Research 28 (2): 123–145.

    Singh, Anand. 2019. Planet, Plants and Animals: Ecological Paradigms in Buddhism. Delhi: Primus Books.

    St. George Jackson Mivart, W. 1881. The Cat: An Introduction to the Study of Backboned Animals, Especially Mammals. New York: Charles Scribner’s Son.

    Torzsok, Judit. 2012. “Tolerance and Its Limits in Twelfth Century Kashmir: Tantric Elements in Kalhaṇa’s Rājataraṅgiṇī.” Indologica Taurinensia: The Journal of the International Association of Sanskrit Studies 38: 1–27.

    Trautmann, Thomas R. 2015. Elephants and Kings: An Environmental History. Chicago: University of Chicago Press.

    True, Frederick W. 1894. “Notes on Mammals of Baltistan and the Vale of Kashmir, Presented to the National Museum by Dr. W. L. Abbott.” Proceedings of the United States National Museum 17: 1–16.

    Uddin, Sufia. 2006. “In the Company of Pirs: Making Vows, Receiving Favors at Bangladeshi Sufi Shrines.” In Dealing with Deities: The Ritual Vow in South Asia, edited by Selva J. Raj and William P. Harman, 95–116. Albany: State University of New York.

    Vigne, Godfrey T. 1842. Travels in Kashmir, Ladak, Iskardo, the Countries adjoining the Mountain-Course of the Indus, and the Himalaya, North of the Panjab. Vol. 2. London: Henry Colburn Publisher.

    Ward, A. E. 1896. The Tourist's And--Sportsman's Guide to Kashmir and Ladak, &c. Calcutta: Thacker, Spink.

    Witzel, Michael. 1994. “Kashmiri Manuscripts and Pronunciation.” In A Study of the Nīlamata: Aspects of Hinduism in Ancient Kashmir, edited by Yasuke Ikari, 1–52. Kyoto: Institute for Research in Humanities, Kyoto University.